​美国纽约大学如何定义抄袭？我该如何规避抄袭？

在大学课程中，我们不断地接触到他人的观点:我们在文本中读到他们的观点，在课堂上听到他们的观点，在课堂上讨论他们的观点，并将他们融入到我们自己的写作中。因此，我们在该表扬的地方给予表扬是非常重要的。抄袭是使用他人的思想和文字，却没有明确说明信息的来源。美国纽约大学如何定义抄袭？我该如何规避抄袭呢？
如何识别不可接受和可接受的释义
以下是原文，摘自乔伊斯·威廉姆斯等人的《莉齐·博登:19世纪90年代的家庭与犯罪案例》一书的第一页:
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.
这里有一个不可接受的释义，这是剽窃:
The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as well as production.
这篇文章为什么是抄袭的?前面的文章被认为是抄袭，有两个原因:
（1）作者只是改变了原文的几个词和短语，或改变了句子的顺序。
（2）作者没有为任何观点或事实引用出处。
如果你做了这两件事中的一件或两件，你就是剽窃。
注意:这一段也是有问题的，因为它改变了几个句子的意思(例如，“蒸汽驱动的公司”在第二句中错过了原来对工厂的强调)。
这里有一个可以接受的解释:
Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they found work in these new factories. As a result, populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of these manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams 1).
为什么这段话是可以接受的?这是可以接受的转述，因为作者:
（1）准确地传递原文中的信息
（2）用她自己的话。
（3）让她的读者知道她的信息来源。
所以大家懂得抄袭的界定了吗？在美国纽约大学抄袭是不被允许的甚至严重打击的事情，大家一定要擦亮眼睛，正确使用他人观点。如果有需要可以联系海马课堂的老师进行专业咨询~